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1/2/2023 0 Comments Compare digital techniques![]() ![]() ![]() On the other hand, the digital method is relatively new and its attributes are not generally well known. In addition, the technique is well understood since it was employed universally throughout the RF and microwave industry until the introduction of digital waveform generators and digital test equipment. The analog method provides uniform distortion components in the notch. In addition, peaks in amplitude occur at random so they are not predictable. The natural noise statistics depend on the characteristics of the diode, and their average power is constant only when measured over a long period. 2: A typical noise spectrum generated by an avalanche diode. The noise does not repeat in time and therefore has a continuous spectral distribution.įig. Synthetic NoiseĪn analog stimulus utilized to evaluate NPR usually is generated by an avalanche diode that, when subjected to a voltage, produces a spectrum of natural noise with a white Gaussian distribution from which a portion of the noise spectrum (the notch) is removed, as shown in Figure 2. However, when conducted properly with either analog or digital equipment, NPR is a valuable measurement tool for the communications system designer. NPR measurement also requires the use of a calibrated stimulus (rather than a simple sinusoidal signal) that closely approximates the characteristics of actual signal traffic. NPR is not an ideal figure of merit because it is dependent on the characteristics of the stimulus and it is sensitive to the measurement technique employed. The goal of NPR measurement is to characterize fully the performance of a device or subsystem in terms of its IMD.įig. ![]() These additional signals degrade the bit error rate performance of communications systems significantly and cause interference with services operating on adjacent channels. IMD occurs when two or more signals mix in a nonlinear device such as a PIN diode, producing spectral lines in addition to the input signal, as shown in Figure 1. NPR was first conceived more than 30 years ago to provide an objective, quantitative way to characterize the intermodulation distortion (IMD) of active circuits in telecommunications systems. The benefits make this method a good choice when used in high volume manufacturing operations. However, the digital stimulus/digital analysis method reduces NPR test time by an order of magnitude and is more repeatable from test station to test station. The digital input/digital analysis method utilizes a digital waveform generator to provide a synthesized discrete stimulus signal and a vector signal analyzer for determining NPR.īoth measurement techniques deliver acceptable estimates of NPR, and diode-based noise sources are certainly more familiar. Of the four analog and digital measurement configurations, the analog stimulus/analog analysis method is the most common and relies on a noise source with white Gaussian characteristics as the stimulus and a spectrum analyzer for analysis. In NPR measurements, an analog or digital stimulus is applied to a device under test (DUT) and the device's output is analyzed by analog or digital means. However, a digitally generated stimulus and vector signal analyzer deliver more repeatable results in less time. Generally, noise power ratio (NPR) measurement is accomplished with a diode-based noise generator as a stimulus and a spectrum analyzer for analysis. Comparing Analog and Digital Techniques for Measuring Noise Power Ratio |
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